VERNALIZATION IN SPECIES OF THE GENUS TULIPA L.: FROM PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO MODERN BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Keywords:
Tulipa, tulip, vernalization, low temperature, flowering, bulb, thermoregulation, auxin, gibberellins, FT, PEBP, MADS-box, transcriptomics.Abstract
Temperature regulation of seasonal development is one of the key mechanisms of adaptation of perennial geophytes of the temperate zone. Representatives of the genus Tulipa L. are characterized by a pronounced dependence of successive stages of ontogenesis on seasonal changes in temperature. At the same time, the application of the term "vernalization" to tulips requires a physiologically correct interpretation. In Tulipa gesneriana L., floral induction and early differentiation of the generative meristem occur mainly during the warm period, while subsequent prolonged cooling of the bulbs is necessary for normal elongation of the peduncle, development of the formed flower and subsequent flowering. The review summarizes data on morphophysiological, hormonal, metabolic and molecular genetic mechanisms of temperature regulation of tulip development. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism, mitochondrial activity, tissue sensitivity to auxin and gibberellins, vacuolar invertase and γTIP aquaporin expression, as well as the participation of genes of the PEBP/FT, SOC1, TFL1, SVP and MADS-box families were considered. molecular data were obtained for the cultivated T. gesneriana, while the temperature mechanisms of flowering regulation of wild species of the genus, primarily from Central Asia, remain practically unstudied. The study of these mechanisms seems promising for understanding the adaptive evolution of the genus Tulipa, predicting the response of natural populations to climate change, and developing the scientific basis for preserving their genetic diversity.
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